Despite its contribution to human rights harms and national security risks, the proliferation of spyware remains rife. A significant channel for this proliferation is sale through a global market, of which most public information is known about only a handful of vendors. While some of these entities have achieved infamy, like NSO Group and the Intellexa Consortium, most others have largely flown under the radar.

The Mythical Beasts project addresses this meaningful gap in contemporary public analysis on spyware proliferation, pulling back the curtain on the connections between 435 entities across forty-two countries in the global spyware market. These vendors exist in a web of relationships with investors, holding companies, partners, and individuals often domiciled in different jurisdictions.

Commercial acquisition of spyware is not the root cause of its abuse. While this project is focused on bringing transparency to participants in this market, it does not argue that only transactions through this market pose proliferation harms or risks. An information gap exists in what is known about the spyware market and its varied participants, a gap that is impeding international cooperation on policies that could meaningfully reduce the harms and risks posed by spyware. This report seeks to offer new data and analysis to bridge that gap and support the work of researchers and policymakers more widely.

This market is a significant vector for facilitating the human rights harms and national security risks posed more broadly by spyware, software that facilitates unauthorized remote access to internet-enabled target devices for purposes of surveillance or data extraction. It is possible for policymakers to make significant progress in limiting these harms and risks by influencing this market, rather than playing “whack-a-mole” with individual vendors or transactions. This progress is possible now, even in the face of basic disagreements over what constitutes a “legitimate” use of spyware. Besides changes to participants in the market, greater transparency will also support more effective policies related to spyware, rooted in cooperative international action.

Explore more in a summary of this report and its dataset: https://view.atlanticcouncil.org/mythical-beasts/p/1